Dr. Mert Akbas discusses lumbar facets. He first discusses anatomy and then launches into a discussion of facet pain. Intra-articular steroid blocks, medial branch blocks, and radiofrequency medial branch procedures are discussed. Facet pain must be meticulously established through at least two diagnostic blocks. He also discusses the basic rules of radiofrequency procedures. Patient selection is important. Thoracic facet joint denervation is also discussed.

Dr. Gabor Racz first describes the scarring triangle as a concept. It is scar tissue that is located in-between the L5 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and the S1 nerve root and above the L5-S1 disc. The scarring triangle poses a problem for catheters and other procedures such as spinal fusions. A case study in pain is discussed, as are other examples of the scarring triangle.

Dr. Maria Luz Padilla discusses ultrasound anatomy and procedures of the lumbosacral spine. These procedures can be challenging and have many complications. They are nevertheless important for interventional pain. Sagittal view and transverse view methods can be used during these procedures. Using both these views (by turning the transducer) is important to localize your position in the cervical space before giving the injection.

Dr. Miles Day discusses cervicogenic headaches. He discusses a brief history, and characteristics of these headaches. Finally, he lists and reviews interventional treatments of cervicogenic headaches. There are multiple potential pain generators for cervicogenic headaches. Diagnostic and therapeutic injections are also important. Clinical studies yield promising data.