Dr. Bernhard Moriggl discusses anatomy of the nerves in the lower extremities. Understanding anatomy, diagnosis, and procedures of peripheral nerves of the lower extremities is very important in pain management. Dr. Moriggi says to always trace nerves to be sure where they are (are they entrapped?) and where they come from. Landmarks may sometimes be missing, so be careful. Do what makes sense, says Dr Miriggi.

Dr. Fabricio Dias Assis presents on transforaminal epidural steroid injections (lumbar and sacral). First, he discusses lumbosacral radicular syndrome. This is also known as nerve root pain and is the most common form of recurring pain. This has many risk factors, including female gender, obesity, smoking, heavy manual labor, and more. He differentiates between radicular pain from radiculopathy. Transforaminal injections do not necessarily need steroid injections. He describes research on this topic and more.

Dr. Monique Steegers discusses education and certification in pain intervention and how important it is for both doctors and their patients. She is now an examiner for pain intervention education. Education in pain practice is one way to learn. A good example is also a great way to learn. Lifelong learning changes your brain. Further, continuous medical education is important and leads to better patient outcomes. The FIPPs exam has several parts, including practical and oral components.

Dr. Maria Luz Padilla discusses ultrasound anatomy and procedures of the lumbosacral spine. These procedures can be challenging and have many complications. They are nevertheless important for interventional pain. Sagittal view and transverse view methods can be used during these procedures. Using both these views (by turning the transducer) is important to localize your position in the cervical space before giving the injection.