Dr. Lorand Eross discussions invasive neuromodulation in craniofacial pain syndromes. First, he runs through the techniques commonly used for craniofacial pain syndromes. What can be done when patients have conditions such as trigeminal neuropathic pain and chronic cluster headaches? Neuromodulation (such as with occipital nerve stimulation) may prove to be one effective option. Research in this area is promising, even at long term follow ups.

Dr. Andre Mansano discusses ultrasound guided hip procedures. Hip pain occurs in approximately 14% of individuals aged 60 years and older. This hip pain can be caused by a variety of problems. Intra-articular injections are a common approach to hip pain. Ultrasound or fluoroscopic guidance is often used. Understanding anatomy is critical.

Dr. Athma Thottungal describes ultrasound, diagnosis, and procedures of the peripheral nerves of the upper extremity. She concentrates on the cervical sympathetic trunk as an example. Cervicothoracic ganglion blocks, also known as the stellate ganglion, can be difficult to treat. Knowing your target is important, she says, and this will also influence the tools you use for diagnosing, as well as the procedure performed.

Dr. Juan Carlos Flores discusses two percutaneous techniques for blockade of the celiac plexus and splanchnic nerves. There are several interventional pain procedure indications here for both, as well as contraindications. There are many celiac plexus and splanchnic nerve procedures and approaches. Research in this area is also discussed. Dr. Flores takes questions at the end.