Dr. Ira Fox talks about caudal lysis of adhesions. Indications, technique, complications, and evidence/hallmark studies regarding this procedure are discussed. The role of inflammation is also discussed. There are many objectives for epidural neuroplasty that Dr. Fox discusses. Monitoring patients is also important. The goal here is to create a healing process.

Dr. Andre Mansano discusses ultrasound guided hip procedures. Hip pain occurs in approximately 14% of individuals aged 60 years and older. This hip pain can be caused by a variety of problems. Intra-articular injections are a common approach to hip pain. Ultrasound or fluoroscopic guidance is often used. Understanding anatomy is critical.

Dr. Sadiq Bhayani talks about ultrasound anatomy and procedures of the thoracic spine. He goes through the anatomy stepwise. He shows a video clip of a paravertebral block. Anatomy is critical to approaching problems such as these. Ultrasounds are very important for blocking and visualizing both anatomy and needles during pain procedures.

Dr. Gabor Racz first describes the scarring triangle as a concept. It is scar tissue that is located in-between the L5 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and the S1 nerve root and above the L5-S1 disc. The scarring triangle poses a problem for catheters and other procedures such as spinal fusions. A case study in pain is discussed, as are other examples of the scarring triangle.