Dr. Kenneth Chapman discusses new targets for neuromodulation in pain control protocols. After a brief description of recent device innovations, he elaborates on current data from studies on vagal nerve stimulation, sacral nerve root stimulation, and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) stimulation. Dr. Chapman then introduces some of his own work targeting the T12 DRG with low frequency stimulation in severe low back pain patients and concludes with a potential mechanism of action.