Dr. Miles Day discusses cervicogenic headaches. He discusses a brief history, and characteristics of these headaches. Finally, he lists and reviews interventional treatments of cervicogenic headaches. There are multiple potential pain generators for cervicogenic headaches. Diagnostic and therapeutic injections are also important. Clinical studies yield promising data.

Dr. Gabor Racz first describes the scarring triangle as a concept. It is scar tissue that is located in-between the L5 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and the S1 nerve root and above the L5-S1 disc. The scarring triangle poses a problem for catheters and other procedures such as spinal fusions. A case study in pain is discussed, as are other examples of the scarring triangle.

Dr. Philip Peng discusses ultrasound guide for interventional pain (injections and beyond). He talks about different injections that can be given (Botox, biologics, and more). Progress in pain intervention is also discussed and Dr. Pend goes beyond discussion of injections (such as decompressions, hydrodissections, and more). Then he talk about peripheral nerve stimulation.

Dr. Sadiq Bhayani talks about ultrasound anatomy and procedures of the thoracic spine. He goes through the anatomy stepwise. He shows a video clip of a paravertebral block. Anatomy is critical to approaching problems such as these. Ultrasounds are very important for blocking and visualizing both anatomy and needles during pain procedures.